{"id":7005,"date":"2026-05-06T18:48:42","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T15:48:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/?p=7005"},"modified":"2026-05-06T18:52:24","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T15:52:24","slug":"life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/","title":{"rendered":"Life on farms: Physical health, stress, pain and behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\" >If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#What_is_animal_welfare\" >What is animal welfare?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#Physical_health_and_biological_functioning\" >Physical health and biological functioning<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#Stress_physiology\" >Stress physiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#Pain_and_nociception\" >Pain and nociception<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#Behavior_as_an_indicator_of_welfare\" >Behavior as an indicator of welfare<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#The_Five_Freedoms_framework\" >The Five Freedoms framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/life-on-farms-physical-health-stress-pain-and-behavior\/#From_resource-based_measures_to_animal-based_measures\" >From resource-based measures to animal-based measures<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\"><\/span><strong>If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_position=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; pointer_events=&#8220;all&#8220;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"5fmkjx\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"49\">Animal welfare can be measured scientifically<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"8htwwn\" data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"107\">Welfare has physical and mental dimensions<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1swyok3\" data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"153\">Health is a core indicator of suffering<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1gz1ukr\" data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"205\">Stress is tracked through physiological markers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"17xzcaf\" data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"251\">Pain in animals is scientifically established<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"3yez9j\" data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"306\">Behavior is a key window into welfare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; top_margin_phone=&#8220;-50&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220; column_padding_type=&#8220;default&#8220; content_layout=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"tj3zry\" data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"352\">The absence of natural behavior is a problem<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qwwqkd\" data-start=\"353\" data-end=\"394\">Stereotypies indicate chronic stress<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"968qdt\" data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"434\">The Five Freedoms remain a core framework<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"2s7m4x\" data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"492\">Assessments increasingly focus on the animal itself<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yjtqu\" data-start=\"493\" data-end=\"537\">The environment matters, but the response is decisive<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1n2wih6\" data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"594\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Science helps recognize and reduce suffering<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]Animal welfare science is a relatively young field, emerging in the late twentieth century when researchers began systematically studying how animals perceive their environment.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the discipline combines insights from veterinary medicine, ethology \u2014 the study of animal behavior \u2014 physiology and neuroscience in order to understand how farming systems affect animal well-being.<\/p>\n<p>Instead of relying only on moral arguments, animal welfare science attempts to measure welfare using observable biological indicators. These include physical health, behavioral patterns and physiological stress responses.<br \/>\nInternational organizations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health, and research summarized by groups such as Compassion in World Farming, describe animal welfare as a state that reflects how animals cope with the conditions in which they live.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding these scientific indicators is essential for assessing the welfare impact of modern animal farming systems.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_animal_welfare\"><\/span><strong>What is animal welfare?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The concept of animal welfare has developed significantly over time. Early debates focused mainly on physical suffering, but modern welfare science recognizes that well-being has multiple dimensions.<\/p>\n<p>The World Organisation for Animal Health defines animal welfare as:<br \/>\nThe physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies.<br \/>\nThis definition emphasizes that welfare includes not only health and survival, but also emotional and behavioral experiences.<br \/>\nIn practice, scientists usually assess welfare using three broad categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Physical health and biological functioning<\/li>\n<li>Affective states \u2014 pain, stress, emotions<\/li>\n<li>The ability to express natural behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Together, these categories form the foundation of modern welfare assessments.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_health_and_biological_functioning\"><\/span><strong>Physical health and biological functioning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>One of the clearest indicators of welfare is physical health.<\/p>\n<p>Animals suffering from disease, injury or physiological dysfunction are generally considered to have poor welfare. For this reason, researchers monitor several health indicators when evaluating farming systems.<br \/>\nCommon examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>lameness in cattle and broilers<\/li>\n<li>mastitis in dairy cows<\/li>\n<li>respiratory disease in pigs and poultry<\/li>\n<li>skin lesions and injuries caused by aggression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, lameness is considered one of the most serious welfare problems in dairy farming. Lame cows often experience chronic pain and reduced mobility, which affects both their health and behavior.<br \/>\nSimilarly, broilers bred for rapid growth often develop skeletal disorders that impair walking.<br \/>\nHealth indicators are valuable because they provide objective, measurable data about the animal\u2019s physical condition.<br \/>\nPhysical health alone, however, does not capture the full picture of animal welfare.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stress_physiology\"><\/span><strong>Stress physiology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Animals respond to environmental challenges through physiological stress responses. While short-term stress can be adaptive, chronic stress can harm health and welfare.<br \/>\nScientists often measure stress using indicators such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cortisol levels in blood or saliva<\/li>\n<li>heart rate and blood pressure<\/li>\n<li>suppression of the immune system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Elevated cortisol levels may indicate that an animal is experiencing prolonged stress due to factors such as overcrowding, social conflict or environmental discomfort.<br \/>\nFor example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pigs transported to slaughter show significant increases in cortisol levels<\/li>\n<li>poultry exposed to high temperatures show physiological stress responses<\/li>\n<li>cattle subjected to rough handling show increased heart rate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These physiological measurements help researchers identify situations that may cause suffering, even when visible injuries are absent.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pain_and_nociception\"><\/span><strong>Pain and nociception<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>One of the most important questions in animal welfare science is whether animals experience pain and suffering.<br \/>\nModern neuroscience strongly supports the conclusion that vertebrate animals \u2014 including mammals and birds \u2014 possess neurological structures capable of processing pain.<br \/>\nResearchers study pain using several indicators:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vocalizations<\/li>\n<li>withdrawal responses<\/li>\n<li>changes in behavior<\/li>\n<li>physiological stress signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pain research has revealed that many routine farming procedures cause significant suffering. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>castration of piglets produces intense vocalizations and stress responses<\/li>\n<li>tail docking causes acute pain, followed by possible chronic nerve damage<\/li>\n<li>lameness in dairy cows leads to behavioral signs consistent with persistent pain<\/li>\n<li>recognition of these responses has led to stronger calls for pain relief, including the use of anesthesia or analgesics during certain procedures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behavior_as_an_indicator_of_welfare\"><\/span><strong>Behavior as an indicator of welfare<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Behavior provides one of the most powerful tools for assessing animal welfare.<\/p>\n<p>Animals have evolved to perform specific behaviors that are important for survival and well-being. When the environment prevents these behaviors, welfare problems can arise.<br \/>\nExamples of natural behavior include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dust bathing in chickens<\/li>\n<li>rooting and exploration in pigs<\/li>\n<li>grazing in cattle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When animals cannot perform these behaviors, they may develop abnormal behaviors known as stereotypies.<br \/>\nCommon stereotypic behaviors include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bar biting in pigs<\/li>\n<li>repetitive pacing in confined animals<\/li>\n<li>excessive feather pecking in poultry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These behaviors are often interpreted as signs of frustration or chronic stress.<br \/>\nProviding opportunities for natural behavior \u2014 through enrichment or improved housing conditions \u2014 is therefore an important goal of welfare-oriented farming systems.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Five_Freedoms_framework\"><\/span><strong>The Five Freedoms framework<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>One of the most influential frameworks in animal welfare is the \u201cFive Freedoms,\u201d originally developed in the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>The Five Freedoms state that animals should have:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Freedom from hunger and thirst<\/li>\n<li>Freedom from discomfort<\/li>\n<li>Freedom from pain, injury or disease<\/li>\n<li>Freedom to express normal behavior<\/li>\n<li>Freedom from fear and distress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although they were originally designed as guiding principles rather than strict scientific measures, the Five Freedoms have shaped animal welfare policy and research around the world.<br \/>\nMany certification systems and animal welfare guidelines still rely on this framework when evaluating farming systems.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_resource-based_measures_to_animal-based_measures\"><\/span><strong>From resource-based measures to animal-based measures<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Historically, welfare assessments focused on resource-based measures, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cage size<\/li>\n<li>ventilation quality<\/li>\n<li>food availability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although these factors are important, researchers increasingly emphasize animal-based measures that assess the actual condition of the animal.<br \/>\nExamples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>body condition scoring<\/li>\n<li>injury prevalence<\/li>\n<li>behavioral observations<\/li>\n<li>physiological stress markers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This shift reflects a key insight: the true indicator of welfare is not the environment itself, but how the animal responds to that environment.<br \/>\nAnimal welfare science provides a framework for assessing how farming systems affect animals using measurable biological indicators. By examining physical health, stress physiology, pain responses and behavior, researchers can identify conditions that promote or harm animal welfare.<\/p>\n<p>This scientific approach does not resolve all ethical questions about the use of animals in agriculture. It does, however, provide essential tools for understanding how animals experience their living conditions and for identifying ways to reduce suffering.<br \/>\nAs the field develops, animal welfare science will play a decisive role in shaping the future of animal farming, food systems and human society\u2019s relationship with animals.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Sources:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahc\/current\/chapitre_aw_introduction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahc\/current\/chapitre_aw_introduction.pdf<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciwf.org.uk\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ciwf.org.uk\/research\/<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444302622\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444302622<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9781780645391.0000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9781780645391.0000<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199573233.001.0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199573233.001.0001<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0229<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/bookshop\/book\/9780851993591\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/bookshop\/book\/9780851993591\/<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/fawc-advice-on-the-welfare-of-livestock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/fawc-advice-on-the-welfare-of-livestock<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220;&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[466],"tags":[751,749,747,757,755,753],"class_list":{"0":"post-7005","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-living-conditions","8":"tag-animal-treatment","9":"tag-live-on-farms","10":"tag-pain","11":"tag-physical-health","12":"tag-stress","13":"tag-suffering"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7005"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7008,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7005\/revisions\/7008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7005"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7005"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}