{"id":6986,"date":"2026-05-06T16:14:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/?p=6986"},"modified":"2026-05-06T16:14:15","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:14:15","slug":"comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparison of resources for the production of meat and its substitutes"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\" >If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Land_use\" >Land use<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Conventional_meat\" >Conventional meat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Plant-based_meat_imitations_%E2%80%94_PBMAs\" >Plant-based meat imitations \u2014 PBMAs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Whole-food_plant-based_substitutes_%E2%80%94_legumes\" >Whole-food plant-based substitutes \u2014 legumes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Cultivated_%E2%80%94_lab-grown_%E2%80%94_meat\" >Cultivated \u2014 lab-grown \u2014 meat<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Water_footprint\" >Water footprint<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Energy_use\" >Energy use<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Statistics\" >Statistics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/comparison-of-resources-for-the-production-of-meat-and-its-substitutes\/#Overall_ranking_for_environmental_efficiency\" >Overall ranking for environmental efficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\"><\/span><strong>If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_position=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; pointer_events=&#8220;all&#8220;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"ox4vfh\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"38\">Food has a different resource cost<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"5qar6x\" data-start=\"39\" data-end=\"79\">Land is the key environmental resource<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1uiw1u5\" data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"121\">Beef is the least efficient option<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"l0lt9d\" data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"162\">Legumes are the most resource-efficient<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yyg7zv\" data-start=\"163\" data-end=\"204\">PBMAs are an intermediate but good compromise<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1eo4t9v\" data-start=\"205\" data-end=\"245\">Cultivated meat saves land and water<\/li>\n<li>Energy is the weak point of lab-grown meat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; top_margin_phone=&#8220;-50&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220; column_padding_type=&#8220;default&#8220; content_layout=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"hyon8l\" data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"346\">The water footprint is highest for beef<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"d0zxow\" data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"394\">Legumes lead in both calories and protein<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ubiw1v\" data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"447\">Plant-based options use fewer resources<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"9rgudt\" data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"495\">The energy source is decisive for the future<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"bvq1zo\" data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"548\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Environmental efficiency depends on food choice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]The food we eat affects not only us through the nutrients it contains, but also nature and the planet we inhabit. Leaving aside animal suffering, which is obvious and we will not be the first or the last to point it out, we will focus on the price our small planet pays for our actions and eating habits.<\/p>\n<p>There is a price paid for producing our food and a price paid as a result of that production. The second is most often greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions, while the first is the use of resources such as land, water and energy. In this article, we will focus on the resources needed to produce what we eat and once again examine how these indicators vary between livestock farming, growing whole-food substitutes, meat imitations and lab-grown meat.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Land_use\"><\/span>Land use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>We begin with land and its use:<\/p>\n<p>Land is the most structurally important environmental variable in food systems because it is directly connected to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deforestation<\/li>\n<li>Biodiversity loss<\/li>\n<li>Carbon opportunity cost<\/li>\n<li>Soil degradation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conventional_meat\"><\/span><strong>Conventional meat <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>We call it that because later we will also look at the kind grown in a laboratory.<br \/>\nMechanisms driving land use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pastures \u2014 extensive systems<\/li>\n<li>Land for feed crops \u2014 soy, corn, other feed crops<\/li>\n<li>Inefficiency of feed conversion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beef protein requires:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~7\u201310 kg of feed per kg of beef<\/li>\n<li>Only ~10\u201330% of feed protein is converted into edible protein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Key statistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Livestock uses ~77\u201380% of the world\u2019s agricultural land<\/li>\n<li>It provides ~18% of global calories<\/li>\n<li>Beef requires ~20\u201350 m\u00b2 per kg of product<\/li>\n<li>Per 100 g of protein \u2192 approximately 150\u2013300 m\u00b2 per year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beef is the most land-intensive food in global datasets.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6353&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6359&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plant-based_meat_imitations_%E2%80%94_PBMAs\"><\/span><strong>Plant-based meat imitations<\/strong><strong> \u2014 PBMAs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Mechanisms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crop cultivation \u2014 peas, soy, wheat<\/li>\n<li>Protein isolation<\/li>\n<li>Processing through extrusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>No pasture is required.<br \/>\nThere is no feed conversion loss.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key statistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~90% less land than beef per kg of protein<\/li>\n<li>~2\u201310 m\u00b2 per kg of product<\/li>\n<li>~5\u201320 m\u00b2 per 100 g of protein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The main land use is simply for crop cultivation.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whole-food_plant-based_substitutes_%E2%80%94_legumes\"><\/span><strong>Whole-food plant-based <\/strong><strong>substitutes \u2014 legumes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Mechanisms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct human consumption<\/li>\n<li>No feed conversion<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen fixation reduces the need for fertilizers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key statistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>5\u201320\u00d7 less land per unit of protein than beef.<br \/>\nOften 2\u20136 m\u00b2 per 100 g of protein.<br \/>\nThis is the global minimum for land use among protein sources.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6366&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; equal_height=&#8220;yes&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6370&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultivated_%E2%80%94_lab-grown_%E2%80%94_meat\"><\/span><strong>Cultivated \u2014 lab-grown \u2014 meat<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Mechanisms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No grazing<\/li>\n<li>No feed crops<\/li>\n<li>Requires bioreactor facilities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Key statistic \u2014 expected:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~90\u201395% less land than beef<\/li>\n<li>Comparable to PBMAs<\/li>\n<li>The main land use is for energy infrastructure and glucose production, which is needed to fuel the growth of cultivated meat in bioreactors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The land required per kilogram of protein is very small.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_footprint\"><\/span>Water footprint<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>After land use, it is time to look at how water is used and often wasted in the different production systems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The water footprint includes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Green water \u2014 rainfall<\/li>\n<li>Blue water \u2014 irrigation<\/li>\n<li>Grey water \u2014 dilution of pollution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Conventional meat<\/strong> \u2014 beef.<br \/>\nMechanisms requiring water:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Drinking water<\/li>\n<li>Irrigation of feed crops<\/li>\n<li>Processing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Key statistics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beef: 10,000\u201315,000 liters per kg of product<\/li>\n<li>Per 100 g of protein \u2192 ~5,000\u20137,000 liters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most water use comes from irrigation of feed crops.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Whole-food meat imitations<\/strong><br \/>\nMechanisms requiring water:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crop irrigation<\/li>\n<li>Processing of raw materials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Key statistics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~75\u2013500 liters per kg of product<\/li>\n<li>~200\u2013800 liters per 100 g of protein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>~10\u201320 times lower than beef.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Legumes and peas<\/strong><br \/>\nMechanisms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rain-fed crops, often<\/li>\n<li>Minimal processing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Key statistics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~200\u20132000 liters per kg<\/li>\n<li>~150\u2013500 liters per 100 g of protein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The lowest water footprint among the main protein sources.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Cultivated meat<\/strong><br \/>\nMechanisms requiring water:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cooling bioreactors<\/li>\n<li>Production of growth medium<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Expectations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower than beef<\/li>\n<li>Probably higher than legumes<\/li>\n<li>Strongly tied to energy use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The water footprint depends on facility efficiency.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Energy_use\"><\/span>Energy use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Last but not least, we will look at the energy use for producing the four contenders for the title of the least harmful food for nature.<\/p>\n<p>Energy footprint is crucial for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The efficiency and development of cultivated meat as an industry<\/li>\n<li>The intensity of processing<\/li>\n<li>Climate sensitivity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Beef<\/strong><br \/>\nEnergy is used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fertilizer production<\/li>\n<li>Agricultural machinery<\/li>\n<li>Feed transport<\/li>\n<li>Slaughter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Moderate energy use, but high methane content dominates the climate footprint. Still, we have to be in opposition to it.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Whole-food meat imitations<\/strong><br \/>\nEnergy-intensive stages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protein isolation<\/li>\n<li>Extrusion<\/li>\n<li>Processing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Higher than legumes.<br \/>\nStill a much lower overall climate footprint than beef.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Cultivated meat<\/strong><br \/>\nThe highest direct energy demand \u2014 bad news.<br \/>\nEnergy is needed for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sterile environment<\/li>\n<li>Continuous bioreactor operation<\/li>\n<li>Temperature control<\/li>\n<li>Medium sterilization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If fossil fuels are used, the climate footprint rises sharply.<br \/>\nIf renewable energy is used, emissions could be greatly reduced.<br \/>\nThe energy source determines the viability of this type of product.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Whole-food meat substitutes<\/strong><br \/>\nThe lowest energy use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mainly harvesting<\/li>\n<li>Drying<\/li>\n<li>Minimal processing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most efficient system overall, but not because we are biased. In other words, that is just how things turned out.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics\"><\/span>Statistics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>To make the comparisons easier to understand, we will also show you some statistics in the form of our favorite tables.<br \/>\nFirst, we will start with tables showing how much land, water and energy are used to produce 100 grams of protein from each of the four types of products:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Beef<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"186\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"233\"><strong>Use for 100 g of protein<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"186\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"233\"><strong>150\u2013300 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"186\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"233\"><strong>5,000\u20137,000 liters<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"186\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"233\"><strong>40\u201360 MJ<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant-based meat alternatives \u2014 PBMAs<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"195\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"347\"><strong>Use for 100 g of protein<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"195\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"347\"><strong>5\u201320 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"195\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"347\"><strong>200\u2013800 liters<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"195\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"347\"><strong>15\u201335 MJ<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Legumes \u2014 beans, lentils, pulses<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"177\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"262\"><strong>Use for 100 g of protein<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"177\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"262\"><strong>2\u20136 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"177\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"262\"><strong>150\u2013500 liters<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"177\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"262\"><strong>5\u201315 MJ<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cultivated \u2014 lab-grown \u2014 meat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(Modelled, not fully commercial)<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"224\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"337\"><strong>Use for 100 g of protein<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"224\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"337\"><strong>3\u201310 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"224\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"337\"><strong>300\u20131,000 liters<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"224\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"337\"><strong>60\u2013120 MJ<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]Since some people will say that protein is not the only thing that matters, and they will be right to say that, we will also add similar tables for producing 1000 calories, which slightly changes the picture.<\/p>\n<p>Why?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meat is rich in protein, but calorie-dense through fat.<\/li>\n<li>Legumes contain carbohydrates + protein.<\/li>\n<li>PBMAs often contain added oils.<\/li>\n<li>Cultivated meat reflects the energy density of meat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Beef \u2014 1000 kcal \u2248 ~400 g beef<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use for 1000 kcal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~40\u201380 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~4,000\u20136,000 liters<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~20\u201330 MJ<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant-based meat imitations \u2014 1000 kcal \u2248 400\u2013500 g product<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use for 1000 kcal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~5\u201315 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~400\u2013900 liters<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~10\u201320 MJ<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Legumes \u2014 1000 kcal \u2248 350\u2013400 g dry legumes<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use for 1000 kcal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"309\">~3\u20138 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~300\u2013800 liters<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"195\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~5\u201312 MJ<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cultivated meat \u2014 1000 kcal \u2248 similar to beef<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use for 1000 kcal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83c\udf0d Land use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~5\u201315 m\u00b2\u00b7per year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\ud83d\udca7 Water use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~500\u20131200 liters<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"195\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u26a1 Energy use<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"309\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">~40\u201370 MJ<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>And the food-efficiency competition in terms of resource consumption for protein and calories ends as follows:[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overall_ranking_for_environmental_efficiency\"><\/span><strong>Overall ranking for environmental efficiency<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>For producing 100 g of protein:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Legumes<\/li>\n<li>PBMAs<\/li>\n<li>Cultivated meat \u2014 if powered by renewable energy<\/li>\n<li>Beef<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Per 1000 kcal:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Legumes<\/li>\n<li>PBMAs<\/li>\n<li>Cultivated meat<\/li>\n<li>Beef<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaq0216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaq0216<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/environmental-impacts-of-food\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/environmental-impacts-of-food<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/food-choice-vs-eating-local\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/food-choice-vs-eating-local<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/hhv516v5f7sj\/4exF7Ex74UoYku640WSF3t\/cc213b148ee80fa2d8062e430012ec56\/Impossible_foods_comparative_LCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/hhv516v5f7sj\/4exF7Ex74UoYku640WSF3t\/cc213b148ee80fa2d8062e430012ec56\/Impossible_foods_comparative_LCA.pdf<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/nutrition\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1641234\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/nutrition\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1641234\/full<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/3\/448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/3\/448<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/23\/16133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/23\/16133<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/gfieurope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/CE_Delft_190107_LCA_of_cultivated_meat_Def.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/gfieurope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/CE_Delft_190107_LCA_of_cultivated_meat_Def.pdf<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2022\/09\/meat-protein-alternatives_54e42940\/387d30cf-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2022\/09\/meat-protein-alternatives_54e42940\/387d30cf-en.pdf<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a0701e\/a0701e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a0701e\/a0701e.pdf<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220;&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6350,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[460],"tags":[671,594,631,656,669,667],"class_list":{"0":"post-6986","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-meat-substitutes","8":"tag-environment","9":"tag-meat","10":"tag-meat-production","11":"tag-meat-substitutes","12":"tag-nature","13":"tag-resourses"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6986"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6987,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6986\/revisions\/6987"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6986"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}