{"id":6966,"date":"2026-05-06T15:47:30","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T12:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/?p=6966"},"modified":"2026-05-06T15:47:30","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T12:47:30","slug":"effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect of livestock farming on nitrogen emissions"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\" >If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Effects_on_the_atmosphere\" >Effects on the atmosphere<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Ammonia_NH%E2%82%83\" >Ammonia (NH\u2083)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Nitrous_oxide_N%E2%82%82O\" >Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Nitrogen_oxides_NO%E2%82%93\" >Nitrogen oxides (NO\u2093)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Effects_on_soil\" >Effects on soil<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Nutrient_imbalance\" >Nutrient imbalance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Effects_on_water\" >Effects on water<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Nitrate_leaching_NO%E2%82%83%E2%81%BB\" >Nitrate leaching (NO\u2083\u207b)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Eutrophication\" >Eutrophication<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Mechanisms\" >Mechanisms<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Production_of_synthetic_fertilizers\" >Production of synthetic fertilizers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Soil_nitrogen_transformations\" >Soil nitrogen transformations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Livestock_and_the_manure_cycle\" >Livestock and the manure cycle<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Quantitative_effect_%E2%80%94_EU_global\" >Quantitative effect \u2014 EU + global<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Why_the_way_we_eat_is_actually_a_factor_in_the_nitrogen_cycle\" >Why the way we eat is actually a factor in the nitrogen cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/sterasoft.com\/nomeatnoproblem\/en\/effect-of-livestock-farming-on-nitrogen-emissions\/#Dream_scenario\" >Dream scenario<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_you_do_not_feel_like_reading_the_whole_article_remember_this\"><\/span><strong>If you do not feel like reading the whole article, remember this:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_position=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; pointer_events=&#8220;all&#8220;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"g28l1q\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"47\">Reactive nitrogen is a major environmental problem<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ym0v67\" data-start=\"48\" data-end=\"104\">Livestock farming is a major source of nitrogen emissions<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"14by3r0\" data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"155\">Ammonia pollutes the air and harms health<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qbi8fc\" data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"195\">N\u2082O warms the climate and damages the ozone layer<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"urb9zt\" data-start=\"196\" data-end=\"233\">Nitrates pollute soils and waters<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"3u4nqd\" data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"279\">Eutrophication destroys aquatic ecosystems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; top_margin_phone=&#8220;-50&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220; column_padding_type=&#8220;default&#8220; content_layout=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"18dn7ix\" data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"325\">Manure intensifies nitrogen pollution<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"hzbqql\" data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"360\">Feed crops require a lot of fertilizer<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1x3fgd0\" data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"409\">Animal systems are inefficient with nitrogen<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"fseivj\" data-start=\"410\" data-end=\"459\">Less meat means fewer nitrogen losses<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"12vkss2\" data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"504\">Legumes improve nitrogen efficiency<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"se7pc6\" data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"559\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Plant-based diets reduce pressure on nature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]Most of us have heard the saying that the poison is in the dose. In this article we will show that sometimes the key is also in the combination, not only in the quantity. The example we will use is nitrogen. On its own, it is probably the second most useful gas after oxygen, because it makes up 78% of the atmosphere, and when it is in its N\u2082 molecule, it is inert and harmless \u2014 it can even be used to inflate your car tires.<\/p>\n<p>But when it combines with its friends hydrogen or oxygen, it becomes a very naughty boy that can cause a lot of trouble. In this article we will look at what those troubles are, why they happen \u2014 as usual, meat and livestock farming are to blame \u2014 and what can be done to tame the bad boy.<\/p>\n<p>The problematic compounds we are talking about are the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ammonia (NH\u2083)<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen oxides (NO\u2093)<\/li>\n<li>Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O)<\/li>\n<li>Nitrates (NO\u2083\u207b)<\/li>\n<li>Nitrites (NO\u2082\u207b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These forms are biologically and chemically active.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effects_on_the_atmosphere\"><\/span><strong>Effects on the atmosphere<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ammonia_NH%E2%82%83\"><\/span><strong>Ammonia (NH\u2083)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>It is released mainly from animal manure and the application of synthetic fertilizers.<br \/>\n<strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reacts with acids (SO\u2082, NO\u2093) \u2192 forms fine particulate matter (PM2.5)<\/li>\n<li>PM2.5 contributes to:\n<ul>\n<li>Respiratory diseases<\/li>\n<li>Cardiovascular diseases<\/li>\n<li>Premature mortality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>EU data:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 93% of ammonia emissions come from agriculture<\/li>\n<li>Most of them come from livestock farming and manure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Therefore, ammonia is a major air pollutant.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; 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image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6270&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nitrous_oxide_N%E2%82%82O\"><\/span><strong>Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>It is produced by soils \u2014 fertilizers + manure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Greenhouse gas<\/li>\n<li>About 273 times stronger than CO\u2082 over a 100-year horizon, according to IPCC AR6<\/li>\n<li>Long atmospheric lifetime \u2014 about 114 years<\/li>\n<li>Also depletes stratospheric ozone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Agriculture is responsible for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 70% of N\u2082O emissions in the EU<\/li>\n<li>About 2\/3 of global N\u2082O emissions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nitrogen_oxides_NO%E2%82%93\"><\/span><strong>Nitrogen oxides (NO\u2093)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>From combustion \u2014 transport, industry \u2014 but also from some soil processes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contribute to smog \u2014 like the one over Sofia<\/li>\n<li>Form tropospheric ozone<\/li>\n<li>Acid rain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>They are less typical of livestock farming than their cousins NH\u2083 and N\u2082O.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6274&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6276&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effects_on_soil\"><\/span><strong>Effects on soil<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Excess nitrogen causes:<br \/>\n<strong>Soil acidification<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ammonium-based fertilizers turn into nitrates and release hydrogen ions (H\u207a)<\/li>\n<li>Soil pH drops; in other words, acidity increases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced microbial diversity<\/li>\n<li>Loss of earthworms<\/li>\n<li>Reduced plant diversity<\/li>\n<li>Mobilization of toxic metals \u2014 aluminum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>According to scientific studies, livestock farming is responsible for about 80% of soil acidification impacts in the EU, and the percentage is probably similar for the rest of the world. In other words, not only people, but also our soil is becoming acidic.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nutrient_imbalance\"><\/span><strong>Nutrient imbalance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>High nitrogen levels favor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fast-growing species<\/li>\n<li>Grasses over wildflowers<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen-loving plants over biodiversity-rich communities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simplified ecosystems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lower species richness[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6280&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6283&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effects_on_water\"><\/span><strong>Effects on water<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>This is one of the most serious impacts.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nitrate_leaching_NO%E2%82%83%E2%81%BB\"><\/span><strong>Nitrate leaching (NO\u2083\u207b)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>From fertilizers and manure used in fields.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Groundwater contamination<\/li>\n<li>Risk to drinking water (&gt;50 mg\/L EU threshold)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Within the EU:<\/p>\n<p>Agriculture is the main source of nitrate pollution in groundwater.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eutrophication\"><\/span><strong>Eutrophication<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Nitrogen + phosphorus equals nutrient enrichment. At first glance, nothing bad \u2014 but what actually happens?<br \/>\n<strong>Sequence:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Algal bloom<\/li>\n<li>Algae die<\/li>\n<li>Bacterial decomposition<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen depletion<\/li>\n<li>Fish die<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Results:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dead zones in coastal waters<\/li>\n<li>Loss of aquatic biodiversity<\/li>\n<li>Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria, and we get purple water<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Agriculture is the dominant source of nutrient runoff in Europe.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6285&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]The short summary of everything mentioned so far can be found in the table below:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wptb-container-legacy\" data-table-id=\"6967\">\n    <table class=\"wptb-preview-table wptb-element-main-table_setting-6967\" style=\"border-spacing: 3px 3px; border-collapse: collapse !important; min-width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); \" data-border-spacing-columns=\"3\" data-border-spacing-rows=\"3\" data-reconstraction=\"1\" data-wptb-table-directives=\"eyJpbm5lckJvcmRlcnMiOnsiYWN0aXZlIjoiYWxsIiwiYm9yZGVyV2lkdGgiOjEsImJvcmRlclJhZGl1c2VzIjp7ImFsbCI6MCwicm93IjowLCJjb2x1bW4iOjB9fX0=\" data-wptb-responsive-directives=\"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\" data-wptb-cells-width-auto-count=\"3\" data-wptb-extra-styles=\"\" data-wptb-pro-pagination-top-row-header=\"false\" data-wptb-rows-per-page=\"10\" data-wptb-pro-search-top-row-header=\"false\" data-wptb-searchbar-position=\"left\" role=\"table\" data-table-columns=\"3\" data-wptb-table-alignment=\"center\" data-wptb-td-width-auto=\"120\" data-wptb-table-tds-sum-max-width=\"426\" data-wptb-even-row-background-color=\"#ffffff\" data-wptb-odd-row-background-color=\"#f0f0f0\" data-v2-props=\"eyJ1c2VUaEZvckZpcnN0Um93IjpmYWxzZSwiY29sdW1uc1Byb3BzIjp7fSwicm93c1Byb3BzIjp7fX0=\" ><tbody data-global-font-size=\"15\" ><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-597\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Environmental sector<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-598\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Basic nitrogen form<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-599\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Main impact<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-600\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Atmosphere<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-601\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">NH\u2083<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-602\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">PM2.5 air pollution<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-603\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Atmosphere<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-604\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">N\u2082O<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-605\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Climate warming + ozone layer depletion<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-606\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Soil<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-607\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">NH\u2084\u207a \/ NO\u2083\u207b<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-608\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Acidification + biodiversity loss<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-609\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Water<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-610\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">NO\u2083\u207b<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-611\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Groundwater pollution<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-612\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Water<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-613\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Dissolved N<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"2\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-614\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Eutrophication + dead zones<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mechanisms\"><\/span>Mechanisms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>After looking at the damage that excess nitrogen and its compounds can cause, we will now look at how they are formed.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Production_of_synthetic_fertilizers\"><\/span><strong>Production of synthetic fertilizers<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>The chemical reaction is:<br \/>\nN\u2082 + H\u2082 \u2192 NH\u2083<\/p>\n<p>This industrial process:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Turns inert nitrogen into reactive nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>About 190 million tons of ammonia are produced globally each year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After application:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Part of the nitrogen is absorbed by crops<\/li>\n<li>A large share of that amount is lost into the environment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6287&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;column_reverse&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; top_padding=&#8220;30&#8243; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; gradient_type=&#8220;default&#8220; shape_type=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6292&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Soil_nitrogen_transformations\"><\/span><strong>Soil nitrogen transformations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Two microbial processes:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nitrification<\/strong><br \/>\nNH\u2084\u207a \u2192 NO\u2082\u207b \u2192 NO\u2083\u207b<\/p>\n<p>Produces:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nitrates, which leach into soil and water<\/li>\n<li>Also N\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Denitrification<\/strong><br \/>\nNO\u2083\u207b \u2192 NO\u2082\u207b \u2192 NO \u2192 N\u2082O \u2192 N\u2082<\/p>\n<p>Produces:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u2082O, a greenhouse gas<\/li>\n<li>N\u2082, harmless<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Occurs in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wet soils<\/li>\n<li>Soils treated with manure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Livestock_and_the_manure_cycle\"><\/span><strong>Livestock and the manure cycle<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Animals consume protein \u2192 excrete 60\u201390% of their nitrogen intake.<br \/>\nNitrogen is released:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In housing areas \u2192 NH\u2083 volatilization<\/li>\n<li>During storage \u2192 NH\u2083 + N\u2082O<\/li>\n<li>After manure application on fields \u2192 NH\u2083 + NO\u2083\u207b + N\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Livestock multiplies nitrogen emissions because it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Concentrates nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>Increases total nitrogen release<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8220;6297&#8243; image_size=&#8220;full&#8220; max_width=&#8220;100%&#8220; max_width_mobile=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;entrance&#8220; animation=&#8220;None&#8220; animation_movement_type=&#8220;transform_y&#8220; hover_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220; border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; box_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; image_loading=&#8220;default&#8220;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; full_screen_row_position=&#8220;middle&#8220; column_margin=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_tablet=&#8220;default&#8220; column_direction_phone=&#8220;default&#8220; scene_position=&#8220;center&#8220; text_color=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; row_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; row_border_radius_applies=&#8220;bg&#8220; row_position_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; row_position_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; row_position_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; overflow=&#8220;visible&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; shape_divider_position=&#8220;bottom&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220;][vc_column column_padding=&#8220;no-extra-padding&#8220; column_padding_tablet=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_phone=&#8220;inherit&#8220; column_padding_position=&#8220;all&#8220; flex_gap_desktop=&#8220;10px&#8220; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8220;default&#8220; column_element_spacing=&#8220;default&#8220; desktop_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; tablet_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; phone_text_alignment=&#8220;default&#8220; background_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8220;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8220;none&#8220; column_shadow=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_radius=&#8220;none&#8220; column_link_target=&#8220;_self&#8220; column_position=&#8220;default&#8220; gradient_direction=&#8220;left_to_right&#8220; overlay_strength=&#8220;0.3&#8243; width=&#8220;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8220;default&#8220; animation_type=&#8220;default&#8220; bg_image_animation=&#8220;none&#8220; border_type=&#8220;simple&#8220; column_border_width=&#8220;none&#8220; column_border_style=&#8220;solid&#8220;][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quantitative_effect_%E2%80%94_EU_global\"><\/span><strong>Quantitative effect \u2014 EU + global<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Here is the general data:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>EU agriculture:<\/li>\n<li>About 93% of ammonia emissions come from agriculture<\/li>\n<li>About 70% of N\u2082O emissions come from agriculture<\/li>\n<li>Most groundwater nitrate pollution also comes from agriculture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Share of livestock farming:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 73% of water pollution impacts<\/li>\n<li>About 80% of acidification impacts<\/li>\n<li>Dominant factor for NH\u2083 emissions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Globally:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Human nitrogen fixation now exceeds natural terrestrial fixation<\/li>\n<li>The creation of reactive nitrogen has roughly doubled since 1950<\/li>\n<li>The planetary boundary for nitrogen has been exceeded by ~2\u00d7\u20133\u00d7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>How does the way we eat affect the nitrogen cycle, and how can we model this effect?<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_the_way_we_eat_is_actually_a_factor_in_the_nitrogen_cycle\"><\/span><strong>Why the way we eat is actually a factor in the nitrogen cycle<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Nitrogen emissions increase with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total amount of fertilizer<\/li>\n<li>Feed production<\/li>\n<li>Livestock population<\/li>\n<li>Manure production<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Livestock systems are nitrogen amplifiers:<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Animals convert only 10\u201340% of feed nitrogen into edible protein<br \/>\n\ud83d\udc49 The rest becomes manure and emissions<\/p>\n<p>So reducing demand for meat and, respectively, livestock production reduces:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fertilizer demand<\/li>\n<li>Land occupied by feed crops<\/li>\n<li>Manure nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>Ammonia emissions<\/li>\n<li>N\u2082O emissions<\/li>\n<li>Nitrate leaching into soils and waters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What modeling studies show<\/strong><br \/>\n\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddfa EU: Leip et al. (2022) \u2014 \u201cHalving nitrogen losses\u201d<br \/>\nThis is one of the most important recent EU studies.<\/p>\n<p>Main finding:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Technical measures alone cannot halve nitrogen emissions.<\/li>\n<li>A significant dietary shift is necessary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key results:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Combining efficiency improvements + dietary changes \u2192 up to 49\u201370% reduction in nitrogen losses<\/li>\n<li>Dietary change alone could lead to a 20\u201340% reduction<\/li>\n<li>Technical measures alone would often lead to less than 20%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The most effective scenario would be the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced livestock production<\/li>\n<li>Reduced meat consumption<\/li>\n<li>Increased intake of plant proteins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Potential for quantitative reduction of nitrogen emissions<\/strong><br \/>\nLet us define it clearly.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Current nitrogen situation in the EU:<\/strong><br \/>\nAgriculture is the dominant source:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 93% of ammonia emissions<\/li>\n<li>About 70% of N\u2082O emissions<\/li>\n<li>Most nitrate pollution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Livestock farming, not the animals themselves, is responsible for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 70\u201380% of agriculture\u2019s nitrogen-related impact<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dream_scenario\"><\/span><strong>Dream scenario<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>50% reduction in meat consumption in the EU<\/strong><br \/>\nBased on nitrogen-flow models, the possible reductions are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ammonia emissions \u2193 30\u201350%<\/li>\n<li>Nitrate leaching \u2193 20\u201340%<\/li>\n<li>N\u2082O emissions \u2193 15\u201330%<\/li>\n<li>Total nitrogen surplus \u2193 ~30\u201345%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These are system-level effects because livestock is a driving force behind feed demand.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Ideas for how this could be achieved:<\/strong><br \/>\nA change in people\u2019s diets would reduce nitrogen losses in 5 ways:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Less feed production<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2193 fertilizer use<br \/>\n\u2193 losses from soil nitrification<br \/>\n\u2193 N\u2082O emissions<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Less manure<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2193 NH\u2083 volatilization<br \/>\n\u2193 nitrate runoff<br \/>\n<strong>3. Less nitrogen excretion<\/strong><br \/>\nThe total amount of nitrogen entering the system decreases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)<\/strong><br \/>\nPlant systems that would replace animal farming systems convert nitrogen more efficiently into edible protein.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Reduced protein overconsumption<\/strong><br \/>\nWestern diets often exceed protein needs \u2192 excess nitrogen is excreted.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Which dietary changes matter most?<\/strong><br \/>\nNot all reductions are equal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reducing beef and dairy products<\/strong> has the greatest impact<br \/>\nRuminant animals can boast:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>High feed demand<\/li>\n<li>High nitrogen content in manure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>High ammonia emissions[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220; text_direction=&#8220;default&#8220;]<strong>Reducing pork and poultry<\/strong> has a moderate impact<br \/>\nLower than beef, but still significant because of feed-based systems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Increasing legumes<\/strong><br \/>\nLegumes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fix atmospheric nitrogen biologically<\/li>\n<li>Require fewer synthetic fertilizers<\/li>\n<li>Increase nitrogen efficiency<\/li>\n<li>Increase our rectal expressiveness, but that has no relevance to the atmosphere, except the one at home<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Replacing animal protein with legumes provides the greatest increase in nitrogen efficiency.<br \/>\nWe know your eyes are already tired from reading and you cannot wait to process everything, so we present the following table on converting nitrogen into protein and leave you in peace.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wptb-container-legacy\" data-table-id=\"6968\">\n    <table class=\"wptb-preview-table wptb-element-main-table_setting-6968\" style=\"border-spacing: 3px 3px; border-collapse: collapse !important; min-width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); \" data-border-spacing-columns=\"3\" data-border-spacing-rows=\"3\" data-reconstraction=\"1\" data-wptb-table-directives=\"eyJpbm5lckJvcmRlcnMiOnsiYWN0aXZlIjoiYWxsIiwiYm9yZGVyV2lkdGgiOjEsImJvcmRlclJhZGl1c2VzIjp7ImFsbCI6MCwicm93IjowLCJjb2x1bW4iOjB9fX0=\" data-wptb-responsive-directives=\"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\" data-wptb-cells-width-auto-count=\"2\" data-wptb-extra-styles=\"\" data-wptb-pro-pagination-top-row-header=\"false\" data-wptb-rows-per-page=\"10\" data-wptb-pro-search-top-row-header=\"false\" data-wptb-searchbar-position=\"left\" role=\"table\" data-table-columns=\"2\" data-wptb-table-alignment=\"center\" data-wptb-td-width-auto=\"120\" data-wptb-table-tds-sum-max-width=\"285\" data-wptb-even-row-background-color=\"#ffffff\" data-wptb-odd-row-background-color=\"#f0f0f0\" data-v2-props=\"eyJ1c2VUaEZvckZpcnN0Um93IjpmYWxzZSwiY29sdW1uc1Byb3BzIjp7fSwicm93c1Byb3BzIjp7fX0=\" ><tbody data-global-font-size=\"15\" ><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-597\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Food product<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-598\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Nitrogen use efficiency<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-599\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Beef<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-600\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">around 10\u201315%<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-601\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Pork<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-602\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">around 20\u201330%<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-603\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Poultry<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-604\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">around 30\u201340%<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr  class=\"wptb-row \" style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; \"><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"0\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-605\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">Plant proteins<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell \" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-radius: 0px; \" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"1\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-height=\"true\" data-wptb-cell-vertical-alignment=\"center\" ><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-606\" style=\"font-size: 15px; \"><div style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">around 60\u201390%<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8220;in_container&#8220; 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